Thank you for your answers. I read them as well as the related other topics of this same forum and Debian's and I understand that the problem is solved with packages kmod and libkmod2 version 33+20240816-2, which are already in the Debian's repos.
Consequently, I executed a full upgrade. The system booted well afterwards.
It is worth noting, though, that at the time of my upgrade the aforementioned packages were held to their previous version 32+20240611-1 and not upgraded, as you can see below (section "Not upgrading"):
sudo apt --solver 3.0 full-upgrade
Upgrading:
baloo-kf5 fakeroot libblockdev-crypto3 libflashrom1 libitm1 libkf5wallet-bin libreoffice-base libstdc++6 linux-image-siduction-amd64 python3-jaraco.functools systemd-timesyncd
bash firefox libblockdev-fs3 libfluidsynth3 libjxr-tools libkf5wallet-data libreoffice-base-core libsystemd-shared mariadb-client-core python3-lxml udev
binutils g++-14 libblockdev-loop3 libfontembed1t64 libjxr0t64 libkf5wallet5 libreoffice-base-drivers libsystemd0 mariadb-common python3-pkg-resources uno-libs-private
binutils-common g++-14-x86-64-linux-gnu libblockdev-mdraid3 libgbm1 libkf5baloo5 liblsan0 libreoffice-calc libtiff6 mariadb-server-core python3-proton-vpn-api-core upower
binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu gcc-14 libblockdev-nvme3 libgcc-14-dev libkf5balooengine5 libmariadb3 libreoffice-core libtry-tiny-perl mesa-va-drivers python3-proton-vpn-killswitch-network-manager ure
bluetooth gcc-14-base libblockdev-part3 libgcc-s1 libkf5globalaccel-bin libnss-myhostname libreoffice-draw libtsan2 mesa-vdpau-drivers python3-proton-vpn-killswitch-network-manager-wireguard ure-java
bluez gcc-14-x86-64-linux-gnu libblockdev-swap3 libgck-2-2 libkf5globalaccel-data libnss-mymachines libreoffice-impress libubsan1 mesa-vulkan-drivers python3-proton-vpn-network-manager-wireguard vlc
bluez-obexd gcr4 libblockdev-utils3 libgcr-4-4 libkf5globalaccel5 libnss-systemd libreoffice-kf5 libudev1 ntfs-3g python3-setuptools vlc-bin
breeze-icon-theme gdal-data libblockdev3 libgdal35 libkf5globalaccelprivate5 libntfs-3g89t64 libreoffice-math libuno-cppu3t64 openssl python3-soupsieve vlc-data
bzip2 gdal-plugins libbluetooth3 libgfortran5 libkf5guiaddons-data libnvidia-egl-gbm1 libreoffice-plasma libuno-cppuhelpergcc3-3t64 openssl-provider-legacy python3-tornado vlc-plugin-access-extra
chromium gir1.2-glib-2.0 libbz2-1.0 libgl1-mesa-dri libkf5guiaddons5 libnvidia-egl-wayland1 libreoffice-qt5 libuno-purpenvhelpergcc3-3t64 plasma-framework python3-uno vlc-plugin-base
chromium-common gnustep-base-common libcap-ng0 libglapi-mesa libkf5kiocore5 libobjc4 libreoffice-report-builder-bin libuno-sal3t64 poppler-utils qbittorrent vlc-plugin-notify
chromium-sandbox gnustep-base-runtime libcc1-0 libglib2.0-0t64 libkf5kiofilewidgets5 libpam-kwallet-common libreoffice-sdbc-hsqldb libuno-salhelpergcc3-3t64 proton-vpn-gnome-desktop qml-module-org-kde-kirigami-addons-labs-mobileform vlc-plugin-qt
cpp-14 gnustep-common libcrypt-dev libglib2.0-bin libkf5kiogui5 libpam-kwallet5 libreoffice-sdbc-mysql libupower-glib3 proton-vpn-gtk-app qml-module-org-kde-purpose vlc-plugin-samba
cpp-14-x86-64-linux-gnu intel-microcode libcrypt1 libglib2.0-data libkf5kiontlm5 libpam-systemd libreoffice-sdbc-postgresql libvlc-bin python3-aiohttp readline-common vlc-plugin-skins2
cryfs ipp-usb libctf-nobfd0 libglx-mesa0 libkf5kiowidgets5 libpoppler-glib8t64 libreoffice-writer libvlc5 python3-bcrypt systemd vlc-plugin-video-output
cups-browsed kio libctf0 libgnustep-base1.30 libkf5plasma5 libpoppler-qt5-1t64 libsframe1 libvlccore9 python3-bs4 systemd-container vlc-plugin-video-splitter
cups-filters libasan8 libcupsfilters1t64 libgomp1 libkf5plasmaquick5 libquadmath0 libsqlite3-0 libxapp-gtk3-module python3-gdal systemd-coredump vlc-plugin-visualization
cups-filters-core-drivers libatomic1 libegl-mesa0 libgprofng0 libkf5purpose-bin libreadline8t64 libssl3t64 libxapp1 python3-jaraco.classes systemd-cryptsetup xapp-sn-watcher
dns-root-data libbinutils libfakeroot libhwasan0 libkf5purpose5 libreoffice libstdc++-14-dev linux-headers-siduction-amd64 python3-jaraco.context systemd-sysv xapps-common
Installing dependencies:
kded6 libkf6bluezqt6 libkf6configcore6 libkf6doctools6 libkf6itemviews-data libkf6notifications-data libkf6service6 libkirigami-data libpoppler140 python3-aiohappyeyeballs qml6-module-org-kde-purpose
kf6-breeze-icon-theme libkf6breezeicons6 libkf6configgui6 libkf6guiaddons-bin libkf6itemviews6 libkf6notifications6 libkf6solid-data libkirigami6 libqca-qt6-2 python3-autocommand qml6-module-qtqml
kio6 libkf6codecs-data libkf6configwidgets-data libkf6guiaddons-data libkf6jobwidgets-data libkf6prison6 libkf6solid6 libkirigamidelegates6 libqca-qt6-plugins python3-inflect qml6-module-qtquick
kirigami-addons5-data libkf6codecs6 libkf6configwidgets6 libkf6guiaddons6 libkf6jobwidgets6 libkf6prisonscanner6 libkf6wallet-data libkirigamidialogs6 libqt6core5compat6 python3-proton-vpn-local-agent qml6-module-qtquick-controls
kwallet6 libkf6colorscheme-data libkf6coreaddons-data libkf6i18n-data libkf6kcmutils-data libkf6purpose-bin libkf6wallet6 libkirigamilayouts6 libqt6multimedia6 python3-typeguard qml6-module-qtquick-dialogs
libkf6archive-data libkf6colorscheme6 libkf6coreaddons6 libkf6i18n6 libkf6kcmutilscore6 libkf6purpose-data libkf6walletbackend6 libkirigamiplatform6 libqt6quickcontrols2-6 qml6-module-org-kde-bluezqt qml6-module-qtquick-layouts
libkf6archive6 libkf6completion-data libkf6crash6 libkf6iconthemes-bin libkf6kcmutilsquick6 libkf6purpose6 libkf6widgetsaddons-data libkirigamiprimitives6 libqt6quickshapes6 qml6-module-org-kde-kcmutils qml6-module-qtquick-shapes
libkf6auth-data libkf6completion6 libkf6dbusaddons-bin libkf6iconthemes-data libkf6kiocore6 libkf6purposewidgets6 libkf6widgetsaddons6 libkirigamiprivate6 libqt6quicktemplates2-6 qml6-module-org-kde-kirigami qml6-module-qtquick-templates
libkf6authcore6 libkf6config-bin libkf6dbusaddons-data libkf6iconthemes6 libkf6kiogui6 libkf6service-bin libkf6windowsystem-data libpolkit-qt6-1-1 linux-headers-6.10.6-1-siduction-amd64 qml6-module-org-kde-kquickcontrolsaddons qml6-module-qtquick-tooling
libkf6bluezqt-data libkf6config-data libkf6dbusaddons6 libkf6iconwidgets6 libkf6kiowidgets6 libkf6service-data libkf6windowsystem6 libpoppler-cpp1 linux-image-6.10.6-1-siduction-amd64 qml6-module-org-kde-prison
Suggested packages:
crda
Not upgrading:
kmod libkmod2
REMOVING:
kirigami-addons-data libkf5guiaddons-bin
Summary:
Upgrading: 220, Installing: 109, Removing: 2, Not Upgrading: 2
Download size: 142 MB / 509 MB
Space needed: 583 MB / 382 GB available
I guess we will have to wait for the repos to "unhold" those packages to see if everything is back to normal.