I think the problem is 2 fold:
1) The absence of kio-mtp
2) My Galaxy Nexus isn't rooted.
With distros like Fedora and openSUSE, where kio-mtp is available, I get 4 choices. The bottom 2 choices are both Dolphin, one reading mtp:/ and one reading camera:/. The phone is set to mtp. Funny though, I can see file choices under camera (PTP) but not mtp. I am getting the "Phone must not be rooted" error using openSUSE and Fedora when trying to access the Dolphin mtp choice.
mtp-detect shows me:
goineasy9@siduction64kdeFX:~$ mtp-detect
Unable to open ~/.mtpz-data for reading, MTPZ disabled.libmtp version: 1.1.6
Listing raw device(s)
Device 0 (VID=04e8 and PID=685c) is a Samsung Galaxy models (MTP+ADB).
Found 1 device(s):
Samsung: Galaxy models (MTP+ADB) (04e8:685c) @ bus 2, dev 3
Attempting to connect device(s)
Android device detected, assigning default bug flags
Error 1: Get Storage information failed.
Error 2: PTP Layer error 02fe: get_handles_recursively(): could not get object handles.
Error 2: Error 02fe: PTP: Protocol error, data expected
along with a long printout of the Galaxy Nexus' abilities.
Right now I'm going to follow DeepDayze's advice and try my rooted GTablet, that is, as soon as I find the special mini usb cable that came with it.